<b>HRAC Group 22</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy D) </font> resistant Erigeron philadelphicus from Japan

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 22 (LEGACY D) RESISTANT PHILADELPHIA FLEABANE
(Erigeron philadelphicus)

PS I Electron Diversion HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

Japan, Saitama

INTRODUCTION		PHILADELPHIA FLEABANE
Philadelphia Fleabane (Erigeron philadelphicus) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family. In Japan this weed first evolved resistance to Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides in 1980 and infests Mulberry, Orchards, Railways, and Roadsides. Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides are known as PS I Electron Diversion (PSI Electron Diversion ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to paraquat and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Dec 28, 2013 )
Common Name	Philadelphia Fleabane
Species	Erigeron philadelphicus
Group	PS I Electron Diversion HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
Herbicides	paraquat
Location	Japan, Saitama
Year	1980
Situation(s)	Mulberry, Orchards, Railways, and Roadsides
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Yasutumi Imai, Kazuyuki Itoh, Satoshi Iwakami, and Akira Uchino
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Yasutumi Imai

Fruits and Mulberry. Found in orchards and on riverbanks.

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GENERAL

Yasutumi Imai

Protoplast resistance determined in the lab.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Philadelphia Fleabane biotype with this Philadelphia Fleabane biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 22 resistant Philadelphia Fleabane have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 22 (Legacy D) resistant Philadelphia Fleabane from Japan please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

YASUTUMI IMAI

Dow Agrosciences Japan Dow Agrosciences 30500 Doe Circle Tokyo Japan

KAZUYUKI ITOH

Professor Kobe University Graduate School of Agricultural Science １-１ Rokkodaicho Kobe, 657-0013, Hyogo Japan Email Kazuyuki Itoh

SATOSHI IWAKAMI

Weed Scientist University of Tsukuba Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences 1-1-1 Tennoudai Tsukuba, 305-8577, Ibaraki Japan Email Satoshi Iwakami

AKIRA UCHINO

Weed Scientist NARO Agricultural Research Center Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences 3-1-1 Kannondai Tsukuba, 305-8666, Ibaraki Japan Email Akira Uchino

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Japan have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Yasutumi Imai, Kazuyuki Itoh, Satoshi Iwakami, and Akira Uchino for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Philadelphia Fleabane Globally
(Erigeron philadelphicus)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Japan

1980

Mulberry, Orchards, Railways, and Roadsides

paraquat

PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Li Tao ; Shen GuoHui ; Qian ZhenGuan ; Chai XiaoLing ; Wen GuangYue. 2009. Study on control technique of glyphosate-resistant weeds. Acta Agriculturae Shanghai 25 : 54 - 58.

The directed inter-row spraying experiment was conducted in an orangery to control weeds resistant to glyphosate. The results showed that 41% glyphosate AS (1 000-1 500 g ai/hm²)+70% saflufenacil WG (12.5-25.0 g ai/hm²)+adjuvant Dash (1% of spray liquid volume) could not only effectively control the damage caused by such glyphosate-resistant broadleaf weeds as Cayratia japonica, Acalypha australis, Erigeron philadelphicus and Solidago canadensis and the regeneration of perennial weeds, but also be equivalent to 20% paraquat AS in control speed and safe for the orange growth..

Yamaguchi, H. ; Nakai, S. ; Watanabe, H.. 1996. Diffusion of paraquat resistant gene by pollen flow in the natural and designed populations of Erigeron philadelphicus L. Weed Research, Japan 41 : 189 - 196.

Diffusion of genes by pollen was analysed in a natural population of Erigeron philadelphicus that had paraquat resistant genotypes and in an experimental population designed with 4 resistant plants in the centre, 36 susceptible plants surrounding them and two susceptible satellite blocks. Pollen flow generally occurs in a leptokurtic fashion, but observation indicated a bimodal distribution of diffusion within a 1.2 m distance by bees and syrphids in the natural population. Experimental results indicated that although predominant pollinators fly in a near-neighbour fashion, the pattern of gene diffusion over 3 m by pollen may be affected by patchy distribution of individual plants in this outbreeding species..

Satoh, M. ; Usami, Y. ; Koizumi, H.. 1993. Competitive ability of the paraquat-resistant biotype of Erigeron philadelphicus. : 302 - 305.

Competitive ability of a paraquat-resistant biotype of Philadelphia fleabane, Erigeron philadelphicus L., was evaluated by comparing the photosynthetic characteristics and population demography of sensitive and resistant biotypes. There was no significant difference in the photosynthetic characteristics between the two biotypes. In a 3-year experiment paraquat was sprayed 5-6 times each year on a mixed population which initially consisted of an equal number of individual plants of the two biotypes. The ratio of the number of individuals of the paraquat-resistant biotype to the sensitive one increased under repeated paraquat applications but remained constant under the control conditions. The study suggests that the paraquat-resistant biotype may be more competitive than the sensitive biotype when paraquat is continuously applied..

Uchida, S. ; Gunji, T. ; Shimoyama, J. ; Obuchi, Y. ; Fujii, K. ; Goto, S. I.. 1990. Distribution and control of paraquat-resistant biotypes of Erigeron philadelphicus L. in konnyaku fields in Gunma. Gunma Journal of Agricultural Research, A, General : 53 - 58.

In studies in 80 konnyaku fields, a paraquat resistant biotype of E. philadelphicus was detected in 54% of fields, a semi-resistant one in 44% (25% of these also had the resistant biotype) and a susceptible biotype in 28% of fields. More resistant and semi-resistant biotypes were detected alongside busy main roads. Control of the resistant biotype was achieved by spraying 50 mL/acre of glufosinate. 50 g of bilanafos and 40 g of cyanazine between rows..

Hanioka, Y.. 1989. Paraquat-resistant biotype of Erigeron sumatrensis RETZ. in mulberry fields in Saitama Prefecture. Weed Research (Tokyo) 34 : 210 - 214.

In mulberry fields located in the Kumagaya City area, in Saitama Prefecture, in May 1986, studies were carried out on a biotype of E. sumatrensis resistant to paraquat. The incidence of this weed was low and there were no zones with gregarious distribution as was the case with Erigeron philadelphicus. Leaf discs of the plants tolerant to paraquat turned brown within 48 h when dipped in paraquat solution at concn of 1 p.p.m., while those of the plants resistant to paraquat preserved their green colour even at a concn of 10 p.p.m., through at 100 p.p.m. a faint brown discoloration was observed. A similar reaction was noted in E. philadelphicus and E. canadensis [Conyza canadensis] plants resistant to paraquat. From the end of June to the beginning of July 1988, studies on the distribution of E. sumatrensis plants resistant to paraquat were carried out in mulberries on a total of 243 sites in 5 localities in the main sericultural zone of Saitama Prefecture. Resistant plants were observed in 54% of the sites..

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