<b>HRAC Group 1</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy A) </font> resistant Digitaria ciliaris from China

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 1 (LEGACY A) RESISTANT SOUTHERN CRABGRASS
(Digitaria ciliaris)

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

China, Jiangsu Province

INTRODUCTION		SOUTHERN CRABGRASS
Southern Crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In China this weed first evolved resistance to Group 1 (Legacy A) herbicides in 2021 and infests Rice. Group 1 (Legacy A) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to metamifop and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 1 (Legacy A) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Mar 30, 2023 )
Common Name	Southern Crabgrass
Species	Digitaria ciliaris
Group	Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Herbicides	metamifop
Location	China, Jiangsu Province
Year	2021
Situation(s)	Rice
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Hong-Chun Wang
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

MECHANISM

Hong-Chun Wang

Mechanism of metamifop resistance in Digitaria ciliaris var. Chrysoblephara from Jiangsu, China.

Author(s) : Cao JingJing ; Tao Yuan ; Zhang ZiChang ; Gu Tao ; Li Gui ; Lou YuanLai ; Wang HongChun

Author Affiliation : Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.

Author Email : Hongchun023@126.com

Journal article : Frontiers in Plant Science 2023 Vol.14 No.February ref.40

Abstract : Digitaria ciliaris var. chrysoblephara is one of the most competitive and problematic grass weeds in China. Metamifop is an aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP) herbicide that inhibits the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) of sensitive weeds. Following the introduction of metamifop to China in 2010, it has been continuously used in rice paddy fields, thereby substantially increasing selective pressure for resistant D. ciliaris var. chrysoblephara variants. Here, populations of D. ciliaris var. chrysoblephara (JYX-8, JTX-98, and JTX-99) were observed to be highly resistant to metamifop, with resistance index (RI) values of 30.64, 14.38, and 23.19, respectively. Comparison of resistant and sensitive population ACCase gene sequences revealed that a single nucleotide substitution from TGG to TGC resulted in an amino acid substitution from tryptophan to cysteine at position 2,027 in the JYX-8 population. No corresponding substitution was observed for JTX-98 and JTX-99 populations. The ACCase cDNA of D. ciliaris var. chrysoblephara was successfully obtained by PCR and RACE methods, representing the first amplification of full length ACCase cDNA from Digitaria spp. Investigation of the relative expressions of ACCase gene revealed the lack of significant differences between sensitive and resistant populations before and after herbicide treatments. ACCase activities in resistant populations were less inhibited than in sensitive populations and recovered to the same or even higher levels compared to untreated plants. Whole-plant bioassays were also conducted to assess resistance to other ACCase inhibitors, acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, auxin mimic herbicide, and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor. Cross-resistance and some multi-resistance were observed in the metamifop-resistant populations. This study is the first to focus on the herbicide resistance of D. ciliaris var. chrysoblephara. These results provide evidence for a target-site resistance mechanism in metamifop-resistant D. ciliaris var. chrysoblephara, while providing a better understanding of cross- and multi-resistance characteristics of resistant populations that will help in the management of herbicide-resistant D. ciliaris var. chrysoblephara.

ISSN : 1664-462X

DOI : 10.3389/fpls.2023.1133798

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Southern Crabgrass biotype with this Southern Crabgrass biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 1 resistant Southern Crabgrass have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 1 (Legacy A) resistant Southern Crabgrass from China indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 1 (Legacy A) resistant Southern Crabgrass from China please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

HONG-CHUN WANG

Ph D University Of Nanjing Agricultural University Herbicide Research Laboratory The College Of Plant Protection Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu China Email Hong-Chun Wang

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in China have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Hong-Chun Wang for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Southern Crabgrass Globally
(Digitaria ciliaris)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Brazil

2002

Soybean

cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-butyl, haloxyfop-methyl, propaquizafop, and sethoxydim

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

China

2021

Rice

metamifop

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Dias, A. C. R. ; Carvalho, S. J. P. ; Nicolai, M. ; Christoffoleti, P. J.. 2007. Understanding the occurrence of different species of crabgrass (Digitaria spp.) in sugarcane crop. Planta Daninha 25 : 489 - 499.

Digitaria genus includes ~300 plant species, distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. Thirteen described species occur in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, with visual differentiation being difficult to be made in the fields due to their great morphological similarity: Digitaria nuda, D. ciliaris, D. horizontalis and D. bicornis, popularly known as crabgrass, are weeds commonly found in sugarcane production fields in São Paulo. Cases of cabgrass control failure have been reported by producers, likely related with weed community changes as a result of the selection of some crabgrass species tolerant to herbicides previously recommended for their control. It has been suspected that these selected populations are constituted by different crabgrass species, notably D. nuda, which has higher tolerance levels to some products. Understanding the dynamics of weed species (Digitaria) population and its mechanisms of tolerance to some herbicide groups will help outline management recommendations for these weeds, avoiding or delaying their manifestation. Identifying the species that occur in sugarcane producing areas will promote the correct herbicide choice, according to the infesting species, thus increasing the chances of successful control..

Ovejero, R. F. L. ; Novo, M. do C. de S. S. ; Carvalho, S. J. P. de ; Nicolai, M. ; Christoffoleti, P. J.. 2007. Growth and competitiveness of biotypes of crabgrass resistant and susceptible to acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase inhibiting herbicides. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 42 : 1 - 8.

The growth and the competitive ability of two crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) biotypes, one resistant (R) and other susceptible (S) to acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides were studied. The growth of the biotypes was determined by collecting the plant dry matter 14, 21, 25, 28, 34, 42, 49, 57, 65, 72, 78, 86, 101, 111 and 118 days after emergence. Dry matter data were adjusted to a logistic model and were used to calculate the absolute growth rate of the biotypes. Five experiments were carried out to evaluate the intraspecific and interspecific competitive ability of the biotypes using the substitutive method. The performance of biotypes R and S were to each other and to that of soyabean sown on the same day or 7 days after the sowing of the weeds. The plant proportions between species or biotypes used were 5:0; 4:1; 3:2; 2:3; 1:4, and 0:5. The biotypes recorded similar dry mass accumulation, absolute growth rate and interspecific competition, and the reduction of soyabean mass was similar in the presence of R and S crabgrass biotypes, indicating the same ecological adaptability of the R and S crabgrass biotypes..

López-Ovejero, R. F. ; Carvalho, S. J. P. ; Nicolai, M. ; Christoffoleti, P. J.. 2006. Relative susceptibility to post-emergence herbicides of ACCase-resistant and susceptible biotypes of Digitaria ciliaris. Planta Daninha 24 : 789 - 796.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the possibility of multiple resistances to ACCase [1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidoreductase], ALS and carotence synthesis-inhibiting herbicides in one ACCase-resistant biotype of crab-grass (D. ciliaris). Two crab-grass biotypes were used: one resistant (R) and another susceptible (S) to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. Eleven herbicides were used: fluazifop-P-butyl [fluazifop-P], haloxyfop-r-methyl [haloxyfop], propaquizafop, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim, clethodim, fenoxaprop+clethodim, imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, iodosulfuron+foramsulfuron and mesotrione, each at recommended rates of 0.0, 0.016, 0.03, 0.06, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 16.0. The herbicides were applied over crab-grass plants at 3- to 4-leaf stage. The percentage control was evaluated 28 days after application (DAA). Biotype R was resistant to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides (chemical groups of aryloxyphenoxypropionates and cyclohexanodiones) with variable levels of cross-resistance. Biotype R was satisfactorily controlled by the field rates of all the alternative herbicides applied (sulfonylureas, imidazolinones and inhibitors of carotene synthesis), excluding the hypothesis of multiple resistance in this biotype..

López-Ovejero, R. F. ; Carvalho, S. J. P. ; Nicolai, M. ; Penckowski, L. H. ; Christoffoleti, P. J.. 2005. Resistance of crab-grass (Digitaria ciliaris) populations to Acetyl-Co-A Carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides. Planta Daninha 23 : 543 - 549.

Greenhouse experiments were conducted in Sao Paulo, Brazil to identify biotypes of crabgrass (D. ciliaris) resistant to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides through dose-response curves, and to establish the degree of cross resistance to CHD and AP herbicides. Four suspected resistant populations (R1, R2, R3 nd R4) and a susceptible one (S) were tested. Herbicides fluazifop-p-butyl, sethoxydim and tepraloxydim were applied at 0, 0.06, 0.125, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 10 times the recommended rates. Control efficacy was analysed at 28 days after application. R1-R4 were resistant to the herbicides, with different levels of cross resistance..

Dias, N. M. P. ; Pereira, M. R. D. B. ; López-Ovejero, R. F. ; Christoffoleti, P. J. ; Barela, J. F. ; Tornisielo, V. L.. 2005. Population dynamics of Digitaria spp. submitted to selection pressure by herbicides in sugarcane crop. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes 40 : 21 - 28.

The objective of this research was to study population dynamics of the weed crabgrass, genus Digitaria, submitted to selection pressure by herbicides currently applied in sugarcane crops in Brazil. In the first experiment two crabgrass species (Digitaria nuda and Digitaria ciliaris) and eight herbicide treatments applied in preemergence were used, and control percentage was evaluated at 7, 14, and 21 days after herbicide application (DAA). In the second experiment the level of tolerance through dose-response curve was determined for the species D. nuda and D. ciliaris, to the herbicides imazapyr, tebuthiuron, ametryne, and metribuzin. All the herbicides studied were efficient in controlling D. ciliaris, however, for D. nuda the best results were obtained only with ametryne, metribuzin, and isoxaflutole. The relation (T/S) between the rate required to reduce plant dry biomass (GR₅₀) at 21 DAA of D. nuda and D. ciliaris was 16 for imazapyr and 6.3 for tebuthiuron, showing differential susceptibility of species; however for ametryne the rate T/S of 1.1 showed that D. nuda was not tolerant to this herbicide. For metribuzin, at 1.92 kg a.i. ha^-1, reduction of dry biomass was 80 and 90% to D. nuda and D. ciliaris, respectively. Even being controlled by metribuzin, D. nuda presented a higher level of tolerance to this herbicide, what was confirmed by the relationship T/S 14.4. As general conclusion of the research, it can be stated that the species D. nuda is more tolerant to ALS inhibiting herbicides and substituted urea, when compared with D. ciliaris; probably, D. nuda was selected by repetitive use of these herbicides..

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