International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

Countries Weeds Herbicides Mutations Graphs References Researchers
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Herbicide Resistant Barnyardgrass Globally
(Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli)
Herbicide Resistant Barnyardgrass Globally
(Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli)
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Herbicide Resistant Barnyardgrass Globally
(Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli)
#CountryFirstYearSituationActive IngredientsSite of Action
1 ArgentinaArgentina 2019 Corn (maize) glyphosate 48 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass18183
2 Australia (New South Wales ) AustraliaNew South Wales 2021 Rice cyhalofop-butyl, and profoxydim 1 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass19214
3 AustriaAustria 2011 Corn (maize) nicosulfuron 2 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass6747
4 BrazilBrazil 1999 Rice quinclorac 5 Auxin Mimics (O/4)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass1191
5 BrazilBrazil 2009 Rice bispyribac-sodium, imazethapyr, penoxsulam, and quinclorac 5 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Auxin Mimics (O/4)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass5484
6 BrazilBrazil 2015 Rice cyhalofop-butyl, penoxsulam, and quinclorac (MOA in monocots) 5 Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Cellulose Synthesis (L/26)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass15069
7 BrazilBrazil 2018 Rice florpyrauxifen, penoxsulam, and quinclorac (MOA in monocots) 5 Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Cellulose Synthesis (L/26)
Auxin Mimics (O/4)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass26265
8 BrazilBrazil 2020 Soybean glyphosate 5 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass19211
9 BulgariaBulgaria 1992 Orchards pendimethalin 6 Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly (K1/3)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass544
10 Canada (Ontario) CanadaOntario1981 Corn (maize), and Cropland atrazine 7 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass62
11 ChinaChina 1993 Rice butachlor 9 Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass69
12 ChinaChina 1993 Rice thiobencarb/benthiocarb 9 Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass379
13 ChinaChina 2000 Rice quinclorac 9 Auxin Mimics (O/4)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass5538
14 ChinaChina 2010 Rice, and Soybean fenoxaprop-ethyl, and quizalofop-ethyl 9 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass5474
15 ChinaChina 2011 Rice penoxsulam 9 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass5653
16 Czech RepublicCzech Republic 1994 Corn (maize) atrazine 12 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass5052
17 EgyptEgypt 2009 Rice fenoxaprop-ethyl 15 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass7897
18 FranceFrance 1982 Corn (maize) atrazine 17 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass462
19 FranceFrance 2013 Corn (maize), and Rice foramsulfuron, and penoxsulam 17 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass9934
20 GermanyGermany 2012 Corn (maize) nicosulfuron 18 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass5738
21 GreeceGreece 1986 Rice propanil 19 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass89
22 IndiaIndia 2017 Rice bispyribac-sodium 21 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass25264
23 ItalyItaly 2000 Rice propanil 24 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass5114
24 ItalyItaly 2005 Corn (maize), and Rice azimsulfuron, bispyribac-sodium, imazamox, nicosulfuron, and penoxsulam 24 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass5356
25 ItalyItaly 2009 Rice azimsulfuron, bispyribac-sodium, cyhalofop-butyl, imazamox, penoxsulam, and profoxydim 24 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass5639
26 ItalyItaly 2011 Rice cyhalofop-butyl, and profoxydim 24 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass8904
27 JapanJapan 2010 Rice cyhalofop-butyl 25 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass7769
28 PhilippinesPhilippines 2005 Rice butachlor, and propanil 32 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass5272
29 PolandPoland 1995 Orchards atrazine 33 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass374
30 South KoreaSouth Korea 2008 Rice azimsulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, bispyribac-sodium, cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, flucetosulfuron, halosulfuron-methyl, imazosulfuron, metamifop, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, pyribenzoxim, and pyriminobac-methyl 27 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass5525
31 SpainSpain 1992 Corn (maize) atrazine 38 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass171
32 SpainSpain 2015 Corn (maize) nicosulfuron 38 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass11016
33 Sri LankaSri Lanka 1997 Rice propanil 39 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass535
34 ThailandThailand 1998 Rice butachlor, and propanil 47 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass1185
35 ThailandThailand 2001 Rice cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, and quizalofop-ethyl 47 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass5113
36 ThailandThailand 2021 Rice quinclorac (MOA in monocots) 47 Inhibition of Cellulose Synthesis (L/26)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass27275
37 TurkeyTurkey 2009 Rice bispyribac-sodium, cyhalofop-butyl, and penoxsulam 71 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass5531
38 UkraineUkraine 2017 Rice imazamox, imazapyr, nicosulfuron, and penoxsulam 230 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass17113
39 United States (Maryland) United StatesMaryland1978 Corn (maize), and Cropland atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass426
40 United States (Arkansas) United StatesArkansas1990 Cropland, and Rice propanil 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass399
41 United States (Texas) United StatesTexas1991 Rice propanil 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass271
42 United States (Missouri) United StatesMissouri1994 Rice propanil 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass1082
43 United States (Louisiana) United StatesLouisiana1995 Rice propanil 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass1046
44 United States (Louisiana) United StatesLouisiana1998 Rice quinclorac 45 Auxin Mimics (O/4)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass1180
45 United States (Arkansas) United StatesArkansas1999 Rice propanil, and quinclorac 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
Auxin Mimics (O/4)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass1188
46 United States (California) United StatesCalifornia2000 Rice cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, molinate, and thiobencarb/benthiocarb 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass5136
47 United States (Arkansas) United StatesArkansas2008 Rice clomazone 45 Inhibition of Deoxy-D-Xylulose Phosphate Synthase (F4/13)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass5563
48 United States (Mississippi) United StatesMississippi2011 Rice fenoxaprop-ethyl, imazamox, imazethapyr, propanil, and quinclorac (MOA in monocots) 45 Multiple Resistance: 4 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
Inhibition of Cellulose Synthesis (L/26)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass8901
49 United States (Louisiana) United StatesLouisiana2013 Rice imazethapyr 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass7786
50 UruguayUruguay 2013 Rice quinclorac 73 Auxin Mimics (O/4)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass7812
51 UruguayUruguay 2013 Rice imazapic, and imazapyr 73 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass7813
52 Viet NamViet Nam 2017 Rice bispyribac-sodium, penoxsulam, and quinclorac (MOA in monocots) 74 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Cellulose Synthesis (L/26)
 		79Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galliBarnyardgrass23242
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